The Moorish invasion of Spain in the 8th century and subsequent incursions into France were finally stemmed at the Pyrenees by Frankish King Charlemagne, who in 795 created the Hispanic March, a series of buffer states to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France. The landlocked Principality of Andorra, one of the smallest states in Europe and nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders, is the last independent survivor of these March states. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique coprincipality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy.Andorra has become a popular tourist destination visited by approximately 8 million people each year drawn by the winter sports, summer climate, and duty-free shopping. Andorra has also become a wealthy international commercial center because of its mature banking sector and low taxes. As part of its effort to modernize its economy, Andorra has opened to foreign investment, and engaged in other reforms, such as advancing tax initiatives aimed at supporting a broader infrastructure. Although not a member of the EU, Andorra enjoys a special relationship with the bloc that is governed by various customs and cooperation agreements and uses the euro as its national currency.
land: 468 sq km
water: 0 sq km
border countries (2): France 55 km; Spain 63 km
lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m
mean elevation: 1,996 m
arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 38.3% (2018 est.)
forest: 34% (2018 est.)
other: 26% (2018 est.)
85,468 (2023 est.)
noun: Andorran(s)
adjective: Andorran
Andorran 47.6%, Spanish 24.8%, Portuguese 10.8%, French 4.5%, Argentine 1.7%, British, 1%, other 9.7% (2022 est.)
note: data represent population by nationality
Catalan (official) 35.7%, Castilian 43.2%, Portuguese 17.1%, French 8.9%, English 1.8%, other 5% (2018 est.)
note: data represent mother tongue
Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 89.5, other 8.8%, unaffiliated 1.7% (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 12.31% (male 5,426/female 5,096)
15-64 years: 68.17% (male 29,845/female 28,419)
65 years and over: 19.52% (2023 est.) (male 8,471/female 8,211)
total dependency ratio: 38.1
youth dependency ratio: 18.1
elderly dependency ratio: 20.1
potential support ratio: 5 (2021)
total: 48.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 48.1 years
female: 48.1 years
-0.11% (2023 est.)
6.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the seven urbanized valleys that make up the country’s parishes (political administrative divisions)
urban population: 87.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
23,000 ANDORRA LA VELLA (capital) (2018)
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
32.8 years (2019)
total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
male: 3.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births
total population: 83.6 years (2023 est.)
male: 81.4 years
female: 86 years
1.46 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.7 (2023 est.)
NA
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
9.1% of GDP (2020)
3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
2.5 beds/1,000 population
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
25.6% (2016)
total: 10.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total: 31.8% (2020 est.)
male: 35.3% (2020 est.)
female: 28.3% (2020 est.)
NA
2.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2016)
deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
agricultural land: 40% (2018 est.)
arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 38.3% (2018 est.)
forest: 34% (2018 est.)
other: 26% (2018 est.)
urban population: 87.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
particulate matter emissions: 8.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 0.47 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 0.05 megatons (2020 est.)
municipal solid waste generated annually: 43,000 tons (2012 est.)
320 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
high GDP; low unemployment; non-EU Euro user; co-principality duty-free area between Spain and France; tourist hub but hit hard by COVID-19; modern, non-tax haven financial sector; looking for big tech investments; new member of SEPA and IMF
$3.327 billion (2015 est.)
$3.363 billion (2014 est.)
$3.273 billion (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
8.95% (2021 est.)
-11.18% (2020 est.)
2.02% (2019 est.)
$49,900 (2015 est.)
$51,300 (2014 est.)
$50,300 (2013 est.)
$2.712 billion (2016 est.)
-0.9% (2015 est.)
-0.1% (2014 est.)
Fitch rating: A- (2022)
Moody’s rating: Baa2 (2022)
Standard & Poors rating: BBB+ (2023)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
agriculture: 11.9% (2015 est.)
industry: 33.6% (2015 est.)
services: 54.5% (2015 est.)comparison rankings:
small quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, vegetables, tobacco, sheep, cattle
tourism (particularly skiing), banking, timber, furniture
-3.9% (2020 est.) NA
39,750 (2016)
3.7% (2016 est.)
4.1% (2015 est.)
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA
revenues: $1.872 billion (2016)
expenditures: $2.06 billion (2016)
-6.9% (of GDP) (2016)
41% of GDP (2014 est.)
41.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
69% (of GDP) (2016)
calendar year
$448.869 million (2020 est.)
$568.257 million (2019 est.)
$1.842 billion (2020 est.)
$2.335 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Spain 40%, France 19%, United States 11%, Mauritania 5% (2019)
integrated circuits, dental fitting supplies, cars, gold, essential oils (2021)
$1.727 billion (2020 est.)
$2.032 billion (2019 est.)
Spain 71%, France 17% (2019)
cars, refined petroleum, perfumes, shaving products, liquors (2019)
$0 (2016)
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.885 (2017 est.)
0.903 (2016 est.)
0.921 (2015 est.)
0.885 (2014 est.)
note: while not an EU member state, Andorra has a 2011 monetary agreement with the EU to produce limited euro coinage—but not banknotes—that began enforcement in April 2012
electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
0 bbl/day (2016)
C3
total: 320 km (2019)
manyapis