Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana had become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to settlement of urban areas by former slaves and the importation of indentured servants from India to work the sugar plantations. The resulting ethnocultural divide has persisted and has led to turbulent politics. Guyana achieved independence from the UK in 1966, and since then it has been ruled mostly by socialist-oriented governments. In 1992, Cheddi JAGAN was elected president in what is considered the country’s first free and fair election since independence. After his death five years later, his wife, Janet JAGAN, became president but resigned in 1999 due to poor health. Her successor, Bharrat JAGDEO, was elected in 2001 and again in 2006. Early elections held in May 2015 resulted in the first change in governing party and the replacement of President Donald RAMOTAR by current President David GRANGER. After a December 2018 no-confidence vote against the GRANGER government, national elections were constitutionally required to take place within three months. After over a year of extra-constitutional rule by the GRANGER administration, elections were held, though voting irregularities led to a nationwide recount. The current Irfaan ALI administration was sworn in to office in August 2020. The discovery of oil in 2015 has been the primary economic and political focus, with many hoping the significant reserves will transform one of the poorest countries in the region. Guyana is the only English-speaking country in South America and shares cultural and historical bonds with the Anglophone Caribbean.
land: 196,849 sq km
water: 18,120 sq km
border countries (3): Brazil 1,308 km; Suriname 836 km; Venezuela 789 km
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 207 m
arable land: 2.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 77.4% (2018 est.)
other: 14.2% (2018 est.)
791,739 (2023 est.)
noun: Guyanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Guyanese
East Indian 39.8%, African descent 29.3%, mixed 19.9%, Amerindian 10.5%, other 0.5% (includes Portuguese, Chinese, White) (2012 est.)
English (official), Guyanese Creole, Amerindian languages (including Caribbean and Arawak languages), Indian languages (including Caribbean Hindustani, a dialect of Hindi), Chinese (2014 est.)
Protestant 34.8% (Pentecostal 22.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 5.4%, Anglican 5.2%, Methodist 1.4%), Hindu 24.8%, other Christian 20.8%, Roman Catholic 7.1%, Muslim 6.8%, Jehovah’s Witness 1.3%, Rastafarian 0.5%, other 0.9%, none 3.1% (2012 est.)
Guyana is the only English-speaking country in South America and shares cultural and historical bonds with the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana’s two largest ethnic groups are the Afro-Guyanese (descendants of African slaves) and the Indo-Guyanese (descendants of Indian indentured laborers), which together comprise about three quarters of Guyana’s population. Tensions periodically have boiled over between the two groups, which back ethnically based political parties and vote along ethnic lines. Poverty reduction has stagnated since the late 1990s. About one-third of the Guyanese population lives below the poverty line; indigenous people are disproportionately affected. Although Guyana’s literacy rate is reported to be among the highest in the Western Hemisphere, the level of functional literacy is considerably lower, which has been attributed to poor education quality, teacher training, and infrastructure.Guyana’s emigration rate is among the highest in the world - more than 55% of its citizens reside abroad - and it is one of the largest recipients of remittances relative to GDP among Latin American and Caribbean counties. Although remittances are a vital source of income for most citizens, the pervasive emigration of skilled workers deprives Guyana of professionals in healthcare and other key sectors. More than 80% of Guyanese nationals with tertiary level educations have emigrated. Brain drain and the concentration of limited medical resources in Georgetown hamper Guyana’s ability to meet the health needs of its predominantly rural population. Guyana has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the region and continues to rely on international support for its HIV treatment and prevention programs.
0-14 years: 23.65% (male 95,605/female 91,654)
15-64 years: 68.49% (male 281,157/female 261,113)
65 years and over: 7.86% (2023 est.) (male 27,269/female 34,941)
total dependency ratio: 53.6
youth dependency ratio: 44.1
elderly dependency ratio: 9.5
potential support ratio: 10.6 (2021 est.)
total: 27.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 27.8 years
female: 28 years
0.28% (2023 est.)
16.7 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
-7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
population is heavily concentrated in the northeast in and around Georgetown, with noteable concentrations along the Berbice River to the east; the remainder of the country is sparsely populated
urban population: 27.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
110,000 GEORGETOWN (capital) (2018)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
20.8 years (2009 est.)
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29
112 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
total: 21.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
male: 24.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births
total population: 72.2 years (2023 est.)
male: 70.3 years
female: 74.1 years
2.06 children born/woman (2023 est.)
1 (2023 est.)
29.9% (2019/20)
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 95.6% of population
total: 96.8% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 4.4% of population
total: 3.2% of population (2020 est.)
5.5% of GDP (2020)
1.42 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
1.7 beds/1,000 population (2016)
improved: urban: 97.8% of population
rural: 95.4% of population
total: 96% of population
unimproved: urban: 2.2% of population
rural: 4.6% of population
total: 4% of population (2020 est.)
degree of risk: very high (2023)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
20.2% (2016)
total: 5.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 2.75 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total: 12.1% (2020 est.)
male: 21.7% (2020 est.)
female: 2.4% (2020 est.)
9.4% (2019)
62.6% (2023 est.)
4.5% of GDP (2018 est.)
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 88.8%
male: 89.3%
female: 88.4% (2021)
total: 11 years
male: 11 years
female: 12 years (2012)
water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial chemicals; deforestation
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
agricultural land: 8.4% (2018 est.)
arable land: 2.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 77.4% (2018 est.)
other: 14.2% (2018 est.)
urban population: 27.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
4.56% of GDP (2018 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
particulate matter emissions: 11.11 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 2.38 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 1.81 megatons (2020 est.)
municipal solid waste generated annually: 179,252 tons (2010 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 968 tons (2010 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 0.5% (2010 est.)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)
municipal: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 1.36 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
271 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
small, hydrocarbon-driven South American export economy; major forest coverage being leveraged in carbon credit offsets to encourage preservation; strengthening financial sector; large bauxite and gold resources
$17.64 billion (2021 est.)
$14.693 billion (2020 est.)
$10.24 billion (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
20.06% (2021 est.)
43.48% (2020 est.)
5.35% (2019 est.)
$21,900 (2021 est.)
$18,400 (2020 est.)
$12,800 (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
$3.561 billion (2017 est.)
5.03% (2021 est.)
0.99% (2020 est.)
2.09% (2019 est.)
agriculture: 15.4% (2017 est.)
industry: 15.3% (2017 est.)
services: 69.3% (2017 est.)comparison rankings:
household consumption: 71.1% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 18.2% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 25.4% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 47.8% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -63% (2017 est.)
rice, sugar cane, coconuts, pumpkins, squash, gourds, milk, eggplants, green chillies/peppers, poultry
bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining
33.52% (2021 est.)
299,300 (2021 est.)
16.42% (2021 est.)
16.43% (2020 est.)
13.99% (2019 est.)
total: 29.9% (2021 est.)
male: 23.5%
female: 39.6%
35% (2006 est.)
44.6 (2007 est.)
lowest 10%: 1.3%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1999)
revenues: $1.333 billion (2019 est.)
expenditures: $1.467 billion (2019 est.)
-4.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
52.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
50.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
28.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
calendar year
-$2.087 billion (2021 est.)
-$396.533 million (2020 est.)
-$2.717 billion (2019 est.)
$4.64 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$2.799 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$1.805 billion (2019 est.)
United States 40%, Singapore 14%, United Arab Emirates 6%, United Kingdom 6%, Barbados 6% (2021)
crude petroleum, gold, rice, aluminum ores, railway shipping containers, rums (2021)
$6.611 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$3.756 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$5.025 billion (2019 est.)
Singapore 33%, United States 19%, Trinidad and Tobago 12%, China 8%, Brazil 2% (2021)
floating drilling platforms, refined petroleum, valves, construction vehicles, cars (2021)
$790.785 million (31 December 2021 est.)
$680.634 million (31 December 2020 est.)
$573.446 million (31 December 2019 est.)
$1.69 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.542 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Guyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
208.5 (2021 est.)
208.5 (2020 est.)
208.5 (2019 est.)
207.717 (2018 est.)
206.5 (2017 est.)
electrification - total population: 92.8% (2021)
electrification - urban areas: 97.5% (2021)
electrification - rural areas: 91.1% (2021.)
installed generating capacity: 380,000 kW (2020 est.)
consumption: 905.4 million kWh (2019 est.)
exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 247 million kWh (2019 est.)comparison rankings:
fossil fuels: 97.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
solar: 1.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
total petroleum production: 110,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 18,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
13,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)
production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
2.743 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 2.743 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
48.608 million Btu/person (2019 est.)
8R
117 (2021)
11
note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
106
note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control
total: 3,995 km (2019)
paved: 799 km (2019)
unpaved: 3,196 km (2019)
330 km (2012) (the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km respectively)
total: 89 (2022)
by type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 45, oil tanker 12, other 31
major seaport(s): Georgetown
manyapis