Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called “Goulash Communism.” Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.
land: 89,608 sq km
water: 3,420 sq km
border countries (7): Austria 321 km; Croatia 348 km; Romania 424 km; Serbia 164 km; Slovakia 627 km; Slovenia 94 km; Ukraine 128 km
lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
mean elevation: 143 m
arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)
forest: 22.5% (2018 est.)
other: 18.6% (2018 est.)
9,670,009 (2023 est.)
noun: Hungarian(s)
adjective: Hungarian
Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.)
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary’s population
Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)
major-language sample(s):
A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapvető információnak. (Hungarian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Catholic 30.1% (Roman Catholic 27.5%, Greek Catholic 1.7%, other Catholic 0.9%), Calvinist 9.8%, Lutheran 1.8%, other Christian (includes Orthodox) 1.6%, other 0.4%, none 16.1%, no answer 40.1% (2022 est.)
0-14 years: 14.24% (male 709,089/female 668,143)
15-64 years: 63.97% (male 3,091,384/female 3,094,515)
65 years and over: 21.79% (2023 est.) (male 812,063/female 1,294,815)
total dependency ratio: 53.8
youth dependency ratio: 22.4
elderly dependency ratio: 31.4
potential support ratio: 3.2 (2021 est.)
total: 44.5 years (2023 est.)
male: 42.6 years
female: 46.4 years
-0.33% (2023 est.)
9.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
15 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
2.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
urban population: 72.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
1.778 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2023)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
28.4 years (2020 est.)
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
total: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
male: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births
total population: 75.3 years (2023 est.)
male: 72.1 years
female: 78.7 years
1.59 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.78 (2023 est.)
NA
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
7.3% of GDP (2020)
6.06 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
7 beds/1,000 population (2018)
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2016)
26.4% (2016)
total: 10.79 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total: 31.8% (2020 est.)
male: 35.8% (2020 est.)
female: 27.8% (2020 est.)
NA
51.4% (2023 est.)
4.8% of GDP (2020 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.1%
male: 99.1%
female: 99.1% (2021)
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2020)
air and water pollution are some of Hungary’s most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
agricultural land: 58.9% (2018 est.)
arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)
forest: 22.5% (2018 est.)
other: 18.6% (2018 est.)
urban population: 72.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)
0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)
particulate matter emissions: 14.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 45.54 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 7.25 megatons (2020 est.)
municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.712 million tons (2015 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 962,893 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.9% (2015 est.)
fresh water lake(s): Lake Balaton - 590 sq km
Duna (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
municipal: 660 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 3.45 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 550 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
104 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
high-income EU and OECD economy; decreasing government spending; increasing judicial independence concerns; flat income taxation; increasingly dependent on energy imports; strong tourism and automotive manufacturing
$326.186 billion (2021 est.)
$304.513 billion (2020 est.)
$319.019 billion (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
7.12% (2021 est.)
-4.55% (2020 est.)
4.86% (2019 est.)
$33,600 (2021 est.)
$31,200 (2020 est.)
$32,600 (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
$163.251 billion (2019 est.)
5.11% (2021 est.)
3.33% (2020 est.)
3.34% (2019 est.)
Fitch rating: BBB (2019)
Moody’s rating: Baa3 (2016)
Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2019)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
agriculture: 3.9% (2017 est.)
industry: 31.3% (2017 est.)
services: 64.8% (2017 est.)comparison rankings:
household consumption: 49.6% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 20% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 1% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 90.2% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -82.4% (2017 est.)
maize, wheat, milk, sunflower seed, barley, rapeseed, sugar beets, apples, pork, grapes
mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles
6.64% (2021 est.)
4.91 million (2021 est.)
4.12% (2021 est.)
4.25% (2020 est.)
3.42% (2019 est.)
total: 13.5% (2021 est.)
male: 11.5%
female: 16.2%
12.3% (2018 est.)
30 (2019 est.)
on food: 18.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 7.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)
lowest 10%: 3.3%
highest 10%: 22.4% (2015)
revenues: $70.83 billion (2019 est.)
expenditures: $74.127 billion (2019 est.)
-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
96.11% of GDP (2020 est.)
83.29% of GDP (2019 est.)
86.55% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds.
22.87% (of GDP) (2020 est.)
calendar year
-$7.173 billion (2021 est.)
-$1.603 billion (2020 est.)
-$1.231 billion (2019 est.)
$148.229 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$124.111 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$133.736 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)
cars and vehicle parts, electric batteries, video displays, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, broadcasting equipment (2021)
$147.577 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$121.016 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$129.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)
cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019)
$43.483 billion (31 December 2021 est.)
$41.349 billion (31 December 2020 est.)
$31.831 billion (31 December 2019 est.)
$123.256 billion (2019 est.)
$125.29 billion (2018 est.)
forints (HUF) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
303.141 (2021 est.)
307.997 (2020 est.)
290.66 (2019 est.)
270.212 (2018 est.)
274.433 (2017 est.)
electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
installed generating capacity: 10.873 million kW (2020 est.)
consumption: 41.533 billion kWh (2020 est.)
exports: 7.498 billion kWh (2020 est.)
imports: 19.176 billion kWh (2020 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 3.139 billion kWh (2020 est.)comparison rankings:
fossil fuels: 36.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
nuclear: 46% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
solar: 7.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
wind: 2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
hydroelectricity: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
tide and wave: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
geothermal: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
biomass and waste: 7.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 4 (2023)
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 0
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.92GW (2023)
Percent of total electricity production: 46.8% (2021)
Percent of total energy produced: 44% (2021)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 0
production: 6.956 million metric tons (2020 est.)
consumption: 8.079 million metric tons (2020 est.)
exports: 230,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
imports: 1.395 million metric tons (2020 est.)
proven reserves: 2.909 billion metric tons (2019 est.)
total petroleum production: 35,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 180,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate exports: 8,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate imports: 134,800 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 12.1 million barrels (2021 est.)
152,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)
58,720 bbl/day (2017 est.)
82,110 bbl/day (2017 est.)
production: 1.685 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
consumption: 10.545 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
exports: 3.758 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
imports: 11.678 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
proven reserves: 3.738 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
48.589 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 7.501 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 21.568 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 19.52 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
108.212 million Btu/person (2019 est.)
number of registered air carriers: 5 (2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 145
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 31,226,848 (2018)
HA
41 (2021)
20
note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
21
note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control
3 (2021)
5,874 km gas (high-pressure transmission system), 83,732 km gas (low-pressure distribution network), 850 km oil, 1,200 km refined products (2018)
total: 7,687 km (2020) 3,111 km electrified
total: 203,601 km (2014)
paved: 77,087 km (2014) (includes 1,582 km of expressways)
unpaved: 126,514 km (2014)
1,622 km (2011) (most on Danube River)
total: 1 (2022)
by type: other 1
river port(s): Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)
manyapis