Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. In 1867, Luxembourg attained full independence under the condition that it promise perpetual neutrality. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km
border countries (3): Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
mean elevation: 325 m
arable land: 24% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 33.5% (2018 est.)
other: 15.8% (2018 est.)
660,924 (2023 est.)
noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg
Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
note: data represent population by nationality
Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 55.8%, Portuguese 15.7%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 12.1%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 3.1%, Italian 2.9%, English 2.1%, other 8.4% (2011 est.)
Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 16.73% (male 57,006/female 53,593)
15-64 years: 67.38% (male 228,427/female 216,912)
65 years and over: 15.88% (2023 est.) (male 47,951/female 57,035)
total dependency ratio: 44.2
youth dependency ratio: 23
elderly dependency ratio: 21.3
potential support ratio: 4.7 (2021 est.)
total: 39.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 39.3 years
female: 40.3 years
1.58% (2023 est.)
11.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
7.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
11.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
31 years (2020 est.)
6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
total: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
male: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
total population: 83.2 years (2023 est.)
male: 80.7 years
female: 85.8 years
1.63 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.79 (2023 est.)
NA
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 98.6% of population
total: 99.9% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 1.4% of population
total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)
5.8% of GDP (2020)
3.01 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
4.3 beds/1,000 population (2019)
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 99.9% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0.1% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
22.6% (2016)
total: 11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total: 21.1% (2020 est.)
male: 22.4% (2020 est.)
female: 19.8% (2020 est.)
NA
51.4% (2023 est.)
5% of GDP (2020 est.)
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2020)
air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland; unsustainable patterns of consumption (transport, energy, recreation, space) threaten biodiversity and landscapes
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
agricultural land: 50.7% (2018 est.)
arable land: 24% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 33.5% (2018 est.)
other: 15.8% (2018 est.)
urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
particulate matter emissions: 8.89 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 8.99 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 0.61 megatons (2020 est.)
municipal solid waste generated annually: 356,000 tons (2015 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 100,997 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 28.4% (2015 est.)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)
municipal: 50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
agricultural: 400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)
3.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
high-income, EU-member European economy; global financial and information storage leader; high government spending; one of highest GDP per capita countries; unique audit accountancy based on company sizing; aging labor force; hit by COVID-19
$74.045 billion (2021 est.)
$70.45 billion (2020 est.)
$71.016 billion (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
5.1% (2021 est.)
-0.8% (2020 est.)
2.32% (2019 est.)
$115,700 (2021 est.)
$111,800 (2020 est.)
$114,500 (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
$71.089 billion (2019 est.)
2.53% (2021 est.)
0.82% (2020 est.)
1.74% (2019 est.)
Fitch rating: AAA (1994)
Moody’s rating: Aaa (1989)
Standard & Poors rating: AAA (1994)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
agriculture: 0.3% (2017 est.)
industry: 12.8% (2017 est.)
services: 86.9% (2017 est.)comparison rankings:
household consumption: 30.2% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 16.5% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 16.2% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 230% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -194% (2017 est.)
milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, beef, grapes, rapeseed, oats
banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
2.87% (2021 est.)
333,900 (2021 est.)
note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany
5.23% (2021 est.)
6.77% (2020 est.)
5.59% (2019 est.)
total: 15.2% (2021 est.)
male: 16.3%
female: 14.1%
17.5% (2018 est.)
34.2 (2019 est.)
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 23.8% (2000)
revenues: $31.74 billion (2019 est.)
expenditures: $30.014 billion (2019 est.)
1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
23% of GDP (2017 est.)
20.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
25.13% (of GDP) (2020 est.)
calendar year
$4.141 billion (2021 est.)
$3.496 billion (2020 est.)
$2.459 billion (2019 est.)
$177.831 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$145.417 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$139.559 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Germany 23%, France 13%, Belgium 12%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5% (2019)
iron products, cars and vehicle parts, tires, gas turbines, adhesive plastics (2021)
$148.15 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$121.328 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$116.803 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Belgium 27%, Germany 24%, France 11%, Netherlands 5% (2019)
cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, scrap iron, aircraft (2019)
$2.921 billion (31 December 2021 est.)
$1.119 billion (31 December 2020 est.)
$1.055 billion (31 December 2019 est.)
$4,266,792,000,000 (2019 est.)
$4,581,617,000,000 (2018 est.)
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.876 (2020 est.)
0.893 (2019 est.)
0.847 (2018 est.)
0.885 (2017 est.)
electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
installed generating capacity: 1.899 million kW (2020 est.)
consumption: 6.188 billion kWh (2020 est.)
exports: 1.079 billion kWh (2020 est.)
imports: 6.543 billion kWh (2020 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 156 million kWh (2020 est.)comparison rankings:
fossil fuels: 13.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
solar: 14.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
wind: 27.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
hydroelectricity: 7.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
biomass and waste: 36.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
consumption: 65,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
imports: 74,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 63,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)
0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
59,020 bbl/day (2017 est.)
production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
consumption: 776.022 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
imports: 772.624 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
11.308 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 149,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 9.564 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
310.068 million Btu/person (2019 est.)
number of registered air carriers: 4 (2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 66
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,099,102 (2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 7,323,040,000 (2018) mt-km
LX
2 (2021)
1
note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
1
note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control
1 (2021)
142 km gas, 27 km refined products (2013)
total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified
total: 2,875 km (2019)
paved: (2011)
37 km (2010) (on Moselle River)
total: 149 (2022)
by type: bulk carrier 4, container ship 1, general cargo 27, oil tanker 3, other 114
river port(s): Mertert (Moselle)