Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China on 20 December 1999. In this agreement, China promised that, under its “one country, two systems” formula, China’s political and economic system would not be imposed on Macau, and that Macau would enjoy a “high degree of autonomy” in all matters except foreign affairs and defense for the subsequent 50 years. However, following a multi-year crackdown by China against a pro-democracy movement in nearby Hong Kong, the governments of China and the Macao Special Administrative Region similarly worked to limit Macao’s political autonomy by suppressing opposition activity in the 2021 legislative elections.
land: 28.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
regional borders (1): China 3 km
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
other: 100% (2018 est.)
639,971 (2023 est.)
noun: Chinese
adjective: Chinese
Chinese 89.4%, Chinese and Portuguese 1%, Portuguese 0.8%, Chinese and non-Portuguese 0.2%, Portuguese and others 0.2%, other 8.5% (2021 est.)
Cantonese 81%, Mandarin 4.7%, other Chinese dialects 5.4%, English 3.6%, Tagalog 2.9%, Portuguese 0.6%, other 1.8%; note - Chinese and Portuguese are official languages; Macanese, a Portuguese-based Creole, is also spoken (2021 est.)
major-language sample(s):世界概况, 必須擁有的基本資料参考书 (Cantonese)
folk religion 58.9%, Buddhist 17.3%, Christian 7.2%, other 1.2%, none 15.4% (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 14.42% (male 47,202/female 45,056)
15-64 years: 70.73% (male 211,278/female 241,366)
65 years and over: 14.86% (2023 est.) (male 44,657/female 50,412)
total dependency ratio: 36.9
youth dependency ratio: 20
elderly dependency ratio: 16.9
potential support ratio: 5.9 (2021 est.)
total: 42 years (2023 est.)
male: 41.2 years
female: 42.5 years
0.71% (2023 est.)
8.8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
4.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
population fairly equally distributed
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
682,000 Macau (2023)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
male: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births
total population: 85.2 years (2023 est.)
male: 82.3 years
female: 88.2 years
1.23 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.6 (2023 est.)
NA
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: NA
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: NA
total: 0% of population (2020)
NA
NA
NA
53.5% (2023 est.)
6.3% of GDP (2020 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.1%
male: 98.5%
female: 95.9% (2021)
total: 18 years
male: 17 years
female: 19 years (2021)
air pollution; coastal waters pollution; insufficient policies in reducing and recycling solid wastes; increasing population density worsening noise pollution
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.)
other: 100% (2018 est.)
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 2.07 megatons (2016 est.)
municipal solid waste generated annually: 377,942 tons (2016 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 75,588 tons (2014 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 20% (2014 est.)
high-income, Chinese special administrative region economy; known for apparel exports and gambling tourism; currency pegged to Hong Kong dollar; significant recession due to 2015 Chinese anticorruption campaign; COVID-19 further halved economic activity
$44.49 billion (2021 est.)
$37.303 billion (2020 est.)
$81.511 billion (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
19.27% (2021 est.)
-54.24% (2020 est.)
-2.51% (2019 est.)
$64,800 (2021 est.)
$55,200 (2020 est.)
$122,800 (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
$53.841 billion (2019 est.)
0.81% (2020 est.)
2.75% (2019 est.)
3% (2018 est.)
Fitch rating: AA (2018)
Moody’s rating: Aa3 (2016)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
agriculture: 0% (2016 est.)
industry: 6.3% (2017 est.)
services: 93.7% (2017 est.)comparison rankings:
household consumption: 24.2% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 9.9% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 18.5% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.8% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 79.4% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -32% (2017 est.)
pork, poultry, beef, pig fat, pig offals, eggs, pepper, cattle offals, cattle hides, goose/guinea fowl meat
tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys
5.17% (2021 est.)
404,500 (2021 est.)
3.01% (2021 est.)
2.57% (2020 est.)
1.75% (2019 est.)
total: 9.2% (2021 est.)
male: 11.7%
female: 6.6%
NA
35 (2013 est.)
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA
revenues: $18.119 billion (2019 est.)
expenditures: $10.165 billion (2019 est.)
10% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
0% of GDP (2017 est.)
0% of GDP (2016 est.)
21.73% (of GDP) (2020 est.)
calendar year
$2.956 billion (2021 est.)
$3.926 billion (2020 est.)
$18.714 billion (2019 est.)
$26.625 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$15.807 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$45.557 billion (2019 est.)
note: includes reexports
Hong Kong 66%, China 9% (2019)
jewelry, broadcasting equipment, watches, telephones, clothing and apparel (2021)
$22.788 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$15.216 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$17.594 billion (2019 est.)
China 33%, Hong Kong 31%, France 5% (2019)
jewelry, watches, electricity, aircraft, cars (2019)
$26.665 billion (31 December 2021 est.)
$25.145 billion (31 December 2020 est.)
$22.215 billion (31 December 2019 est.)
note: the Fiscal Reserves Act that came into force on 1 January 2012 requires the fiscal reserves to be separated from the foreign exchange reserves and to be managed separately; the transfer of assets took place in February 2012
$0 (31 December 2013)
$0 (31 December 2012)
patacas (MOP) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
8.006 (2021 est.)
7.989 (2020 est.)
8.07 (2019 est.)
8.073 (2018 est.)
8.026 (2017 est.)
electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
installed generating capacity: 478,000 kW (2020 est.)
consumption: 5,278,600,000 kWh (2020 est.)
exports: 0 kWh (2020 est.)
imports: 4,852,600,000 kWh (2020 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 136 million kWh (2020 est.)comparison rankings:
fossil fuels: 66.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
biomass and waste: 33.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 14,300 bbl/day (2019 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
14,180 bbl/day (2015 est.)
production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
consumption: 136.714 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
imports: 133.712 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
2.012 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 1.744 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 268,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
81.407 million Btu/person (2019 est.)
number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) (registered in China)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21 (registered in China)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,157,724 (2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 31.84 million (2018) mt-km
B-M
1 (2021)
1
note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
2 (2021)
total: 428 km (2017)
paved: 428 km (2017)
total: 1 (2022)
by type: other 1
major seaport(s): Macau
manyapis