The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present-day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling GRIMALDI family first seized control in 1297 but was not able to permanently secure its holding until 1419. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality’s mild climate, coastal Mediterranean scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.
land: 2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
border countries (1): France 6 km
exclusive economic zone: 12 nm
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 0% (2018 est.)
other: 99% (2018 est.)
31,597 (2023 est.)
note: immigrants make up almost 68% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)
noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
adjective: Monegasque or Monacan
Monegasque 32.1%, French 19.9%, Italian 15.3%, British 5%, Belgian 2.3%, Swiss 2%, German 1.9%, Russian 1.8%, American 1.1%, Dutch 1.1%, Moroccan 1%, other 16.6% (2016 est.)
note: data represent population by country of birth
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d’informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%
0-14 years: 9.4% (male 1,522/female 1,448)
15-64 years: 54.42% (male 8,638/female 8,558)
65 years and over: 36.18% (2023 est.) (male 5,114/female 6,317)
total dependency ratio: 95.2
youth dependency ratio: 25
elderly dependency ratio: 70.2
potential support ratio: 1.4 (2021)
total: 56.2 years (2023 est.)
male: 54.5 years
female: 57.6 years
0.66% (2023 est.)
6.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
10.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
the second most densely populated country in the world (after Macau); its entire population living on 2 square km
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
39,000 MONACO (capital) (2018)
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
total: 1.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
male: 2.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 1.4 deaths/1,000 live births
total population: 89.6 years (2023 est.)
male: 85.8 years
female: 93.6 years
1.53 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.75 (2023 est.)
NA
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: NA
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: NA
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
1.7% of GDP (2020)
7.51 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
13.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: NA
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: NA
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
NA
1.2% of GDP (2019 est.)
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA
no serious issues; actively monitors pollution levels in air and water
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
agricultural land: 1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 0% (2018 est.)
other: 99% (2018 est.)
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
particulate matter emissions: 9.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
methane emissions: 0.05 megatons (2020 est.)
municipal solid waste generated annually: 46,000 tons (2012 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 2,484 tons (2012 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.4% (2012 est.)
municipal: 10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
agricultural: 0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
high-income European economy; non-EU euro user; considered a tax haven; tourism and banking are largest sectors; negatively impacted by COVID-19; major oceanographic museum; among most expensive real estate; major state-owned enterprises
$7.672 billion (2015 est.)
$7.279 billion (2014 est.)
$6.79 billion (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
21.55% (2021 est.)
-12.97% (2020 est.)
6.91% (2019 est.)
$115,700 (2015 est.)
$109,200 (2014 est.)
$101,900 (2013 est.)
$6.006 billion (2015 est.)
1.5% (2010)
agriculture: 0% (2013)
industry: 14% (2013)
services: 86% (2013)comparison rankings:
none
banking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products
6.8% (2015)
52,000 (2014 est.)
note: includes all foreign workers
2% (2012)
total: 26.6% (2016 est.)
male: 25.7%
female: 27.9%
NA
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA
revenues: $896.3 million (2011 est.)
expenditures: $953.6 million (2011 est.)
-1% (of GDP) (2011 est.)
14.9% (of GDP) (2011 est.)
calendar year
$964.6 million (2017 est.)
$1.115 billion (2011)
note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Spain
jewelry, perfumes, watches, packaged medicines, cars (2021)
$1.371 billion (2017 est.)
$1.162 billion (2011 est.)
note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Germany, China (2021)
jewelry, cars and vehicle parts, recreational boats, plastic products, artwork (2021)
NA
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
0.885 (2017 est.)
0.903 (2016 est.)
0.9214 (2015 est.)
0.885 (2014 est.)
0.7634 (2013 est.)
note: while not an EU member state, Monaco, due to its preexisting monetary and banking agreements with France, has a 1998 monetary agreement with the EU to produce limited euro coinage—but not banknotes—that began enforcement in January 2002 and superseded by a new EU agreement in 2012
electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
3A
1 (2021)
note: Monaco has a single railway station but does not operate its own train service; the French operator SNCF operates rail services in Monaco
total: (2010)
paved: (2010)
major seaport(s): Hercules Port
manyapis